Equality and Socialist Ideology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equality and Socialist Ideology - Essay Example Further, a great deal of historical context also needs to be considered with regards to determining how ideological and egalitarian concepts are born, gain notoriety, and work to incorporate themselves into a type of collectivized worldview that is ultimately translated back into the culture via the form of representative government. Although analyzing all of this necessarily lends itself to seeking to answer the age old riddle of what came first the chicken or the egg, the analysis itself will show that the process is symbiotic rather than mutually exclusive. Furthermore, by seeking to know and understand the levels to which these factors interlace and help to define the context of the culture and form of governance that pervades the current system, the reader can hope to gain valuable insights and key understandings with reference to seeking to better understand the world in which we live. As the two are so interlinked and bear such a high level of relation to one another, the firs t which will be discussed is equality with the second being ideology. Next a discussion of how these two forces interact and have an impact on culture and vice versa will be discussed followed by a final section on the impacts that both have on governance, self identity, and culture. The first determinant which will be discussed is that of ideology. As was noted in the introduction, the two terms which will be analyzed within the course of this essay are somewhat nebulous and do tend to feed back into one another at various junctures; however, for purposes of clarity, ideology should be tackled first. The reason for tackling the definition and means by which ideology influences upon equality first is due to the fact that in nearly every emergent movement, ideology or culture is the level of equality that the components seem to have concerning their members. This can be understood as a type of baseline for without it the level to which identity formation can begin to congeal is minim al (Angeloff et al 2012, p. 21). This has of course been noted time and time again throughout history as groups self actualize, form an identity, gain an ideology and only then consider the level to which the component parts will share in equality among the rest (McConnell 2010, p. 140). The ideological formation is extraordinarily important due to the fact that the components that are built within this phase directly impact upon the level of equality which is possible once the ideology itself has been formulated. Although the process that has herein been described appears to be something of rigid concept, the fact of the matter is that it is most fluid and open to the interpretation of the individuals that seek to form the ideology in the first place. This level of fluid change allows for the process to evolve in any number of ways; thereby making a firm and solid definition of the term even more difficult for the researcher. While on the topic of ideology, it is important to note that the process that has herein been described does not of course have to come as a function of forming a new system entirely; rather, it can come from redefining necessary components of a working system, worldview, or personal take on a given issue. As a function of this, the level to which these terms interrelate and coalesce becomes even more complex when one takes the issue outside of the bounds of systemic change and incorporates them into the realm of individual and worldview modulations (Whitely 1978, p. 211). This complicates the definition somewhat due to the fact that this level of incorporation necessarily bends and redirects the original ideology and identity that helped to form the

View from the bridge Essay Example for Free

View from the bridge Essay Convention of a western gun fight related relates to the idea of Brooklyn being the Wild West. In the 1950 cowboy films were very popular. They all had certain common redeem into it which Miller uses to portray his confrontation. In a cowboy film you will have one gun fighter coming down the main street. in the play Marco appears outside, walking down the door from a distance point, Then you will have one gun fighter refusing to leave the town Eddie says where? Where am I going? , one gun fighter adjusting his belt Eddie hosting his pants ,the arriving of a gun fighter asking for a challenge. . Marco is calling as he nears the door shouting Eddie Carbone and the other fighter issuing a counter challenge Eddie as though flinging his challenge. Eddie shouts out his name three times to show he is not ashamed of his name because the whole play is about reputation and people wanting there names to be respected. In the counter challenge an actor would show Eddies aggression by swaggering his body as he walks up to Marco, his voice would be sounding aggressive to show anger and clench his arms as he punches the air. Millers also has a western convention of a crowd of no lookers standing on the side walks watching the fight. Miller has realised that people enjoy watching a fight, but are not willing to try to stop it. Eddies public address on stage is a dramatic pause because it is full of rhetorical questions which nobody can answer back. He wants the crowd to answer yes but the audience and Marco know that its false. He does this to make the crowd on stage his side. This is very dramatic because Eddie uses strong accusations on Marco how ungrateful he has been and also refers to the story of the Good Samaritan in the bible to make his accusation stronger. During all this Marco is impassive which makes him menacing and this would frustrate Eddie. Moreover the silent Marco is waiting like a silent gunfighter waiting for his opponent to make the first move. Miller brings in the western cowboy style by making Marco and Eddie spread there arms just like two cowboys with there gun hovering over there own gun butts in a western film. This fight between Marco and Eddie is very brutal because they are both trying to use there physical power against each other. Eddie pulls out a knife out to finish the fight off like in a street fight because he knows Marco is stronger. Immediately Marco strikes him and shouts animaaaaal and later he says it again to show that Eddie does not reason. Miller has the fight so brute to show that men dont reason when they are controlled by passion and it raises the question whether this is the way men behave. Miller want to make it clear that what ever the characters on stage might think this is not an honourable ting to do. Eddie is being forced to stab him self is symbiotic of his own self destruction in a tragedy. The hero has to realise what he should have done before actually dieing. When Eddie says My B he realises it is Beatrice he loves. When the tragic hero dies, the audience feel sympathy because he would have avoided the whole thing at the beginning. At the moment of Eddies death a dramatic tableau is created when Eddie dies in Beatrices arms as she covers Eddie in her body. At the end of the play the crowd on stage turn to the audience and the lights are turned down leaving Beatrice and Eddie in a glow while behind in dull prayers of the people and the keening of for women continue. The audience see a man who is dead with his wife and her women keening in the background in dull prayers. The idea of dull prayers is Eddie didnt die as a hero instead he dies as a waste. All this puts the audience in the right frame of mind to listen to the epilogue. The epilogue, a traditional feature of a tragedy, delivers the moral to remind the audience. For example in Romeo and Juliet the princes message was what hatred would bring to families and in Macbeth, Malcolm says that a good king brigs peace and harmony. In view from the bridge the epilogue is that men who are pure in following there code of honour but the code of honour itself was perverse because it doesnt allow those who follow it to settle for half. However another persons tragedy is entertaining if it doesnt evolve you or if the same thing doesnt happen to you. Miller finishes with an ellipsis followed by the word alarm. He wants to alarm the audience what would happen if they allowed passion to control them. Millers point towards the play is to remind people what would happen if countries started behaving like people. There will be massive amounts of lives lost, for example the USA fighting with Iraq. However what happens if a country decides to take the law into there own hands and not settle for half? Â   Simon Gesage Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Isotope Coded Affinity Tag: Applications and Benefits

Isotope Coded Affinity Tag: Applications and Benefits Proteomics is a vital and necessary branch of science targeted at the in-depth study of proteins and their structure to understand their function; as an important pharmacological tool in drug discovery and drug development. The most widely used analytical approach to protein separation and quantification, usually involves integrating protein separation by 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with micro capillary reverse phase-liquid chromatography protein identification; and finally, detection by mass spectrometry. However, the presence of limitations such as the lack of automation and high costs associated within the combination technique led to the research and introduction of a better and more reliable technique involving the use of isotope coded affinity tags (ICAT). This report looks at the history of isotope coded affinity tags, its advantages over 2D electrophoretic techniques, the principles associated with the technique, its development over the years and finally its application and contribution to the growth and development of analytical science. It also aims to comment on future developmental routes for the technology. TABLE OF CONTENTS (Jump to) A. Background B. Introduction to protein quantification B.1. 2D Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis B.2. Reverse Phase High Liquid Chromatography B.3. Mass Spectrometry B.4. Problems associated with 2DLC-MS combination technique C. Introduction to Isotope Coded Affinity Tags (ICATs)   C.1. Major advancements in isotope coded affinity tag approach D. Principles of Isotope Coded Affinity Tags (ICATs) D.1. Protein Sampling D.2. ICAT reagent Tagging D.3. Peptide Isolation D.4. Protein quantification D.5. Peptide identification E. Applications of Isotope Coded Affinity Tags (ICATs) E.1. Applications in the quantitative identification of cancer  biomarkers E.2. Applications in the quantification of antimalarial drugs  and their metabolites in biological fluids E.3. Quantification of protein expression in oxidative-stressed liver  cells as a therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease E.4. Quantitative analysis of defaulted proteins present in the brain as  a therapeutic target for the treatment of brain diseases E.5. Applications in the proteomic analysis of recombinant proteins F. Future Development of Isotope Coded Affinity Tags (ICATs) BACKGROUND Proteins are very important components of biologically active systems and some of their functions include structural foundation (connective tissue), transportation (carrier proteins) or immunity (antibodies). Specific and selective protein-protein interactions within the body are the basis for key metabolic and kinetic pathways within living organisms. A disruption in a specific proteins interaction and function, leading to a small or large interference in the subsequent metabolic pathway within the body due to any number of reasons; is the major cause of disease which if not dealt with, can lead to fatality. For this reason, Proteomics is a vital and necessary branch of science targeted at the in-depth study of proteins and their structures; to understand their function as an important pharmacological tool in drug discovery and drug development. Developments in proteomics and genomics over the years through quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies and computer aid ed drug design (CADD), has helped to identify novel drugs and their targets for action. INTRODUCTION TO PROTEIN QUANTIFICATION The use of Isotope coded affinity tags as a protein quantification method in proteomics was first developed in 1999 by Aebersold et al. to aid the detection and purification of recombinant proteins[1]. Before the research done in 1999, most widely used approaches to protein quantification were done by 2D Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D PAGE) combined with micro-capillary Liquid reversed phase liquid chromatography (2DLC) and novel electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) technique for detection [2]. B.1. 2D POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS This is because 2D Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (2D PAGE) is very well known for its sensitivity and high resolving separation power. It is also a highly adaptable technique, and its resourcefulness makes it highly sort after for the separation of biological molecules including proteins, based on both physiochemical properties and other chemical-specific interactions. The limit of detection is well documented to a resolution of more than 7000 macromolecules in a singular separation. A large variety and combination of solvents and additives can be used with 2D-PAGE electrophoretic technique to ensure analytes solubility within complex protein mixtures. B.2. REVERSE PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY The inclusion of liquid chromatography as a second separation step also allows for the further separation of the protein mixtures based on difference in retention properties of the components. Recent breakthrough in the analytical approach to liquid chromatography involves the used of two HPLC pumps connected through a detailed 6-port valve system; which results in a more comprehensive separation by gradient elution of complex protein mixtures at high speed and quick run times. B.3. MASS SPECTROMETRY Finally, a mass spectrometric technique (Electrospray ionization (EIMS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS)) which provides a UV detection of protein and measures the mass to charge ratios of the eluted peptides is employed. The detector produces a comprehensive chromatogram by plotting UV signals against their corresponding reverse phase retention times, and then the ESI-MS/MS-MS provides mass information for the eluted peptides. Figure 2: The construction of a 2DLC column and its interface with mass spectrometry. (A) A pressure bomb is used for column packing and sample loading. (B) The flow rate of in the 2-D column is controlled at 100-300 nL/min, and ESI is achieved by applying 2 kV to the gold wire.[4 5] B.4. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2DLC-MS COMBINATION TECHNIQUE However, in spite of the popularity of the combination technique, a number of limitations exist that makes the technique far from perfect. It has been documented that complex proteins and peptides with very high alkalinity or basicity and some trans-membrane proteins cannot be separated by this combination method. Also during total cell analysis, the combinatorial technique was found to readily accommodate highly abundant protein separation with the lower abundant proteins being scarcely detected. The over process also requires several sequential stages including difficult techniques such as in-gel digestion; making the combination technique highly labour intensive, difficult to automate and hence non-cost effective. This called for a further development in proteomic research to overcome these problems by possibly avoiding the separation step by electrophoresis and hence the introduction of the use of novel Isotope coded affinity tags (ICAT). INTRODUCTION TO ISOTOPE CODED AFFINITY TAGS The approach of isotope coded affinity tagging mainly combined with a form of high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a relatively new and improved method used in proteomics for the precise quantification and identification of protein sequences within simple or complex protein mixtures. It has been documented to be simpler as it is capable of directly quantifying the proteins from complex mixtures, eliminating the electrophoretic stage. This makes isotope coded affinity tagging more efficient, easily-automated and hence a lot less labour and cost intensive than the electrophoretic process. The use of ICAT is the new and preferred analytical method for protein quantification. Isotope coded affinity tagging is based on a class of chemical reagents called Isotope coded affinity tags (ICAT). The ICAT reagent occurs in two forms depending on the number of deuteriums; light containing none or heavy containing eight. ICAT reagents are made up of three major functional units: A distinct chemically reactive group responsible for the selective labelling of the SH groups of thiol (cysteine) residues, An isotope coded linker responsible for the soluble properties of the reagent and it also provides a site for the addition of the isotopic label, And a biotin affinity tag used to achieve protein isolation and identification. It depends on the principle of strong binding interaction of biotin and avidin. C 1. MAJOR ADVANCEMENTS IN ISOTOPE CODED AFFINITY TAG LABELLING Since the technique was initially introduced in 1999 for the labelling of protein mixtures at low levels, there have been valuable technological advancements in the approach using isotope coded affinity tags (ICATs) within the pharmaceutical industry. These include: The design and modification of affinity tags to improve on the chromatographic separation process. [25] The use of variable peptide specific affinity tags to maximise large-scale quantification on individual processes. [25] An introduction to the combination of different tags to achieve maximum proteome industry [21] The use of exopeptidases to efficiently remove the affinity tags from the peptides in the purification stage [22, 23] D. PRINCIPLES OF ISOTOPE CODED AFFINITY TAG (ICAT) APPROACH Isotope coded affinity tags are used for identifying and quantifying the protein content of two different cell states or population within a mixture. The technique is based largely on two concepts: The peptide sequence of the protein to be quantified (between 5-25 Amino acids long) contains sufficient information to identify that unique protein. And those peptides tagged with the light and heavy reagents respectively are chemically identical and hence serve as very ideal internal standards for quantification. Figure 4. A schematic diagram for the ICAT approach to protein quantification. The principles of Isotope coded affinity tags as documented by Aebersold et al. are divided into four stages: Sampling, Tagging, Isolation and Quantification. D.1. PROTEIN SAMPLING Firstly, two different protein samples containing reduced cysteine (thiol) side chains are individually derived; by breaking down the cell structure, and isolating and extracting the proteins required from the cell. D.2. ICAT REAGENT TAGGING For one of the protein samples, the light form of the ICAT reagent (containing zero deuterium) is introduced to covalently bind to the SH cysteine residues; whilst for the other, the heavy form of ICAT reagent (containing eight deuterium) is used. The individual labelled mixtures represent different cell states or populations. The two samples are then combined into one complex protein mixture and a protease enzyme is added to cut-up or cleave the larger protein molecules into tagged smaller peptides fragments. D.3. PEPTIDE ISOLATION Avidin is then introduced to the mixture to act as a magnet and due to the strong and highly specific binding interaction of biotin and avidin, the ICAT-tagged peptides are isolated from the mixture through affinity chromatography. The isolated peptides are then analysed and separated by micro-capillary high performance liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). D.4. PROTEIN QUANTIFICATION This is the most important step of the analytical process as the quantity and sequence identity of the proteins from which the tagged peptides originated, are automatically determined. Quantification is achieved by comparing the integrated peak intensities for simultaneously eluted pairs of identical, doubly charged peptide ions. The pair corresponds to the two different forms of the ICAT reagent with the mass spectrometer running successively in two modes. One mode measures the comparative fragmenting of peptides eluting from the micro-capillary column whilst the other records the sequence information of the tagged peptides in the same molar ratios as the corresponding proteins. This also means that the chemically identical ICAT-labelled peptide ions are readily identified because as they co-elute, they differ in mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio because of an 8 deuterium difference in the mass of the ICAT-reagents. D.5. PEPTIDE IDENTIFICATION The final stage of isotope coded affinity tagging involves an automated correlation with protein sequence data banks using algorithms and permutations, to identify the protein from which the sequenced peptide originated and hence identify the protein. A combination of all results generated on the chromatogram by the mass spectrometer; and analysis of the ICAT reagent-labelled peptides therefore determines the relative quantities as well as the sequence identities of the components of protein mixtures in a single automated operation. In mass spectrometry, the ratios between the intensities of the lower and upper mass components of these pairs of peaks provide an accurate measure of the relative abundance of the peptides (and hence the proteins) in the original cell pools because the MS intensity response to a given peptide is independent of the isotopic composition of the ICAT reagents. E. APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPE CODED AFFINITY TAGS The use of ICAT reagent -labelled internal standards, has now become a common and fundamental practice in quantitative mass spectrometry. It has been researched to great advantage in a number of different fields of biochemistry. E.1. Quantitative identification of Cancer biomarkers [9,10] Analytical methods that employ isotope coded affinity tags are very useful and hence popular in the development of high throughput approach to early cancer detection in humans. [9]The significant quantification and identification of cancer biomarkers using ICAT reagents is a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. In this case, protein samples containing cancerous and non-cancerous cells are denatured and reduced to expose the cysteine -SH peptide residues contained. They can then subsequently labelled with the light or heavy forms of isotope coded affinity tags in vivo using stable isotopic labelling (SILAC; (e.g., 2H, 13C, 15N, and 18O)) or in vitro using isobaric tags (iTRAQ). This approach allows expressed proteins and peptides in malignant, cancer-derived cells to be compared with non-cancerous cells.[8] The use of labelled peptides as internal standards allows for relative and/or absolute estimation and quantification of the abundance of the differential proteins present. Emer ging technologies such as the use of protein microarrays are opportunities presently being researched and developed for future improvements in cancer biomarker identification. [10] E.2. Quantification of antimalarial drugs and their metabolites in biological fluids [7] Malaria is a deadly disease responsible for millions of deaths every year, in many tropical and developing countries. Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine and pyrimethamine and their metabolites; interact with specific dihydrofolate enzymatic sites in plasmodium falciparum malaria. Since enzymes are largely made up of proteins, many enzymatic functions are made up of peptide peptide interactions. Isotope coded affinity tagging combined with high performance liquid chromatography has been documented by Kalpesh N. P. et al, 2010 [7] to be a reliable method for the selective determination and quantification of these potent antimalarial drugs in biological fluids. ICAT reagents are very useful in the extraction stage of the antimalarial drug from a biological matrix as they provide high peptide selectivity and specificity, to avoid interference from multiple antimalarial combination, or endogenous peptides that exist within the matrix. The use of the ICAT approach has grea tly aided research and development into the pharmacokinetics of different antimalarial drugs especially Chloroquine.[7,8] E.3. Quantification of protein expression in oxidative-stressed liver cells as a therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease [12] A major pathogenic event recurrent in several variations of liver diseases in humans, involves oxidative stress of the liver caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species. Hepatocytes normally have mechanisms responsible for the regulation of oxidative and anti-oxidative molecules within the cell. However, the presence of reactive oxygen species in the liver affects major cellular components including cell proteins, and eventually, the cells regulatory ability. This leads to metabolic or proliferative liver disease and eventual cell fatality.[13] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are largely represented by mitochondria and cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver cells. The expression of certain protein molecules termed as biomarkers within oxidative-stressed liver cells, and their subsequent quantification using ICAT reagents, can enable an early detection of liver disease. It can also allow for the progressive monitoring of liver damage as a therapeutic target to the treatment of liver disease.[15] E.4. Quantitative analysis of defaulted proteins present in the brain as a therapeutic target for the treatment of brain diseases. The brain is a very complex structure, vital to the existence of mankind. However, a lot of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the normal function and mis-function of the brain have not been fully researched. Research into quantitatively characterising the human brain proteome and using the analysis to understand important cell signalling mechanisms [16], is a very important area of neuropoteomics (i.e. proteomic research and development). The large scale use of stable isotope coded affinity tags in quantitative analysis of complex brain matrixes has helped to provide internal standards for relevant peptides that are chemically similar but isotopically different. These internal standards can be used to correctly identify important biomarkers present in the brain as in epilepsy[17]; or absent biomarkers as in the pathogenesis of Parkinsons disease[18]. E.5. Applications in the proteomic analysis of recombinant proteins High-throughput approaches to the quantification and identification of proteins, is widely applied in the industrial synthesis of therapeutic enzymes. [19] Proteomic analysis on most recombinant proteins, struggle with very low yields and poor solubility which greatly affects the ability to achieve high-throughput protein purification. Quantitative methods that employ isotope coded affinity tags have been documented to be the only way to achieve selective high-throughput protein purification with improved yields, solubility and folding of the recombinant protein, during the process [19]. This is because, purification processes by biotin affinity normal resulting in great yields of over 90%, making it very economically favourable. Combinations of two or more isotopic tags are typically needed to make the most of high-throughput screening.[1] THE FUTURE OF ISOTOPE CODED AFFINITY TAGS (ICATs) The main application area of isotope coded affinity approach is in the identification of biomarkers as a therapeutic target for disease treatment and prevention. The future of analytical techniques that use Isotope coded affinity tags for peptide-labelling includes:

Supply and Demand Essay -- Economy Economics Supply Demand Essays

Supply and Demand Every organisation which provides goods or services to fee paying customers must, by its very nature, charge price for that good or service, to pay for its costs, have retained profits for investments and to keep its shareholders happy. In theory, the market price of any good or service is determined by the interaction of forces of demand and supply. There is an old saying, that ?if you can teach a parrot to say ?demand? and ?supply? you have created a trained economist.?1 There is some truth to this saying as most problems in the economics can be examined by applying the rules of demand and supply. Therefore, the concepts of demand and supply can be claimed to be among the most important in economics. In order to understand either of them it is necessary to examine the factors that determine them. Although, a good?s price relative to other goods is probably the most important factor influencing demand for most goods most of the time, there are other factors as well. These are disposable income, the price of complimentary goods and substitutes, tastes and preferences, expectations, size of population, advertising. Suppliers on the other hand are interested in making profits, and thus anything that affects profitability affects the supply. These include the price of other products, costs, technology and goals of firms. a) The price of any product is determined by the interaction of the forces of demand and supply. The market price is set at the point, where demand equals supply, equilibrium. This can be seen from figure 1. For the purpose of this essay we will look at the prices of beer. We can see that, the price is set at 1.65, where D intersects S. Fig. 1 The Penguin dictionary of economics defines demand as ?the desire for a particular good or service supported by the possession of the necessary means of exchange to effect ownership?, while supply is defined as:? the quantity of a good or service available for sale at any given price?2. When an economist refers to the demand for a product he means effective demand, which may be defined as ?the quantity of the commodity, which will be demanded at any given price over some given period of time.?3 However, the price of the good or service varies according to the changes in either demand or supply. In order to show that it is necessary to... ...ng under?, if their shareholders are not satisfied they will sell shares and the company will be vulnerable to take-over bids. In conclusion, it can be seen that the principles of demand and supply have a theoretical influence on price determination. The theory provides a useful and simple tool in determining the price of a product by the means of demand and supply, an equilibrium price. However, the theoretic approach, uses many assumptions, which limit the application of theory to the real business environment. It is useful for academic purposes, while it is difficult to imagine that actual businesses will follow it in the business planning process. It is also difficult to use it as the theory assumes the perfect market, which does not exist, with few exceptions, newsagents being one of these. In other forms of competition firms would base pricing decisions on expected decisions of their rivals (oligopoly), or would decide by themselves taking into account only their needs (monopoly). Thus, it can be concluded that companies would adopt their pricing policy on the environment they operate in, probably without even using the theory of demand and supply.

Alternate Dispute Resolution Tools

The ADR processes attempt to reconcile the differences that arise between commercial corporations. The services of a third party, which are in general voluntary, are employed for this purpose. This third party promotes negotiations, assists in resolving differences and formulates agreements that are agreeable to both the disputing parties. Arbitration and mediation constitute the principal tools of ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution Overview ).There are a number of advantages of resorting to the ADR mechanism. Some of these are that the cost is much less in comparison to the judicial system.In addition, ADR brings about a rapprochement between the disputing parties, which generally improves their relations. This is due to the fact that the ADR process concentrates on the requirements of the parties, unlike a formal judicial process that focuses on the legal position of the parties. Moreover, in the mediation process, the agreement is made by the parties themselves, which ensures gre ater commitment than a court order and the agreement is comparatively more accommodative. Further, adoption of the ADR process does not preclude the right to resort to the traditional legal procedures (Alternative Dispute Resolution Overview ).In the mediation process a third party that is neutral and adequately trained helps the parties to resolve their dispute. The aim of this third party is to shift the focus from legal positions to the actual interests, which are affected of the parties. The mediation process is bereft of rules of evidence and lawyers. The atmosphere is informal and conducive to dispute resolution. In addition, this process is absolutely confidential and there are no records of the meetings, moreover any notes taken down by the mediators during the process are destroyed.Furthermore, the process is speedy and inexpensive. This process is ideal if time available with the parties is limited, because resolution, in general, is achieved within a couple of sessions (A lternative Dispute Resolution Overview ). In the world of adjudication, the arbitration rules of London Court of International Arbitration, the London Maritime Arbitrator's Association Terms, the UNCITRAL and the ICC are well known. The alternative dispute resolution or ADR process suffers from the disadvantage that its decisions cannot be made sufficiently binding from the legal perspective.Such international agreements cannot be enforced by the authorities in the absence of a court decision, which would be disproportionate to the amount involved. This promotes repudiation of contracts by unscrupulous parties, because the cost of enforcing the contract would be exorbitant (Redfern & Hunter, 1999. Pp. 3 – 4). Conservative estimates of litigation costs in the US legal system estimate them to be around a hundred billion dollars per annum, whereas others consider this amount to be more than three times this estimated amount.Some of the direct expenses that constitute this huge a mount are legal fees, awards to the jury, expenditure incurred in copying and organizing, fees to be paid to expert witnesses. There are also a number of indirect expenses like loss of reputation that corporations have to endure and loss due to management having to curtail its business activities, in order to concentrate on the litigation. This has made ADR a very attractive alternative for many corporations in the US.If the participants in the process of the ADR approach their differences in a positive and fair manner, then this process can bring about dispute resolution that improves their commercial relations. However, if such an attitude is lacking, then the ADR process can prove to be no less time consuming and expensive in comparison to the usual judicial process for resolving commercial disputes (Netzley, December, 2001). American companies that perform in other countries generally resort to arbitration, in order to settle commercial disputes, because of the uncertainty assoc iated with the legal systems extant in those countries.The best environment for arbitration to succeed transpires when there are only two parties that are absolutely clear about their legal status. Arbitration agreements are enforced in totality by the courts. However, the rules pertaining to evidence are not strictly adhered to in such proceedings (Sido, Dec2005 ). Although, arbitration and litigation are expensive processes, the former is more expeditious, involves less expenditure and has the added advantage of confidentiality. However, arbitration involves charges for filing that are ever on the increase and there is no scope for appealing against an arbitral decision.Mediation on the other hand is extremely flexible and much more attractive in comparison to the arbitration process, because in an arbitration process it not clear as to which party would emerge victorious. There are no losers in a mediation process; there are only parties who have agreed to resolve their differenc es in an amicable manner (Sido, Dec2005 ). Arbitration is akin to the traditional litigation process in many respects, whereas mediation has the advantage of being confidential and informal.Moreover, in mediation there is no compulsion to adhere to a disagreeable decision (Packer, 2004). A number of US corporations have resorted to ADR in respect of disputes, because of the prolonged and expensive procedures of the normal court and international tribunal procedures. However, in the ADR process, arbitration process is not that attractive, because it entails decisions that cannot be appealed against and in addition it is quite similar to the regular court or tribunal process.The most popular process is that of mediation, because it is more of a consultative process and the principal objective is to arrive at an agreement that takes into account, the viewpoints and interests of the parties to the dispute. Moreover, there is no compulsion to implicitly follow the decision arrived at in this process. In addition, the cost involved is also comparatively much less. References Alternative Dispute Resolution Overview . (n. d. ). Retrieved November 8, 2007, from CADR: http://www. dot. gov/ost/ogc/CADR/overview. html Netzley, M. (December, 2001).Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Business (and) Communication Strategy . Business Communication Quarterly , Vol. 64, No. 4, Pp. 83 – 89. Packer, A. J. (2004). An interview with Bill Carter. Retrieved November 8, 2007, from Oregon State Bar. Elder Law Newsletter: http://www. osbar. org/_docs/sections/elder/newsletters/elder_spring04. pdf Redfern, A. , & Hunter, M. (1999. Pp. 3 – 4). Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration . London: 3rd ed, Sweet & Maxwell. Sido, K. (Dec2005 ). Avoiding the Courtroom Through Mediation or Arbitration . Consulting-Specifying Engineer , Vol. 38, Iss. 6, Pp. 65-66.

Free Essays on Roman Republic

The legend of the â€Å"Rape of Lucretia† tells the story of how the son of King Tarquin raped a high standing woman, Lucretia, to demonstrate his power. Lucretia, shamed, killed herself and her family, led by Junius Brutus expelled King Tarquin. They then created what is called the Roman Republic. Romans were now wary of monarchies, and created a somewhat democratic system, where not one man held power. The Romans, at the beginning of the Republic, had a constitution which had laid down the traditions and institutions of government. These traditions and laws were based on the institution of a monarchy, so while the Romans did not revive the monarchy, there was still a great amount of power in their officials. At the top were the consuls, two patricians, (the elite and wealthy families of Rome), elected to the office for one year. These consuls commenced legislation, served as the head of the judiciary, military, and as chief priests to the nation. Under the consuls were two financial officers called quaestors, who were financial administrators. Under the quaestors were the praetors, who performed judicial and military command duties. Only patricians were allowed to hold any of these offices. Eventually, the office of the censor acquired great powers, such as the power to dismiss senators from the Senate but for any reason at all. By the time of the late Republic, the censors, and the patricians, had become some of the most powerful politicians in Rome. It was evident that power was not evenly divided, thus brought about the â€Å"Struggle of the Orders†. The patricians obviously held more sway in this new system than the plebeians, (farmers and merchants, some equally, if not wealthier than some patricians). The conflict was mainly about the patricians trying to retain their power, while the plebeians attempted to gain some social and political equality. When the plebeians as whole decided to leave Rome to occupy the Sacred Mount... Free Essays on Roman Republic Free Essays on Roman Republic The legend of the â€Å"Rape of Lucretia† tells the story of how the son of King Tarquin raped a high standing woman, Lucretia, to demonstrate his power. Lucretia, shamed, killed herself and her family, led by Junius Brutus expelled King Tarquin. They then created what is called the Roman Republic. Romans were now wary of monarchies, and created a somewhat democratic system, where not one man held power. The Romans, at the beginning of the Republic, had a constitution which had laid down the traditions and institutions of government. These traditions and laws were based on the institution of a monarchy, so while the Romans did not revive the monarchy, there was still a great amount of power in their officials. At the top were the consuls, two patricians, (the elite and wealthy families of Rome), elected to the office for one year. These consuls commenced legislation, served as the head of the judiciary, military, and as chief priests to the nation. Under the consuls were two financial officers called quaestors, who were financial administrators. Under the quaestors were the praetors, who performed judicial and military command duties. Only patricians were allowed to hold any of these offices. Eventually, the office of the censor acquired great powers, such as the power to dismiss senators from the Senate but for any reason at all. By the time of the late Republic, the censors, and the patricians, had become some of the most powerful politicians in Rome. It was evident that power was not evenly divided, thus brought about the â€Å"Struggle of the Orders†. The patricians obviously held more sway in this new system than the plebeians, (farmers and merchants, some equally, if not wealthier than some patricians). The conflict was mainly about the patricians trying to retain their power, while the plebeians attempted to gain some social and political equality. When the plebeians as whole decided to leave Rome to occupy the Sacred Mount...

Ghost Scene in Hamlet Essays

Ghost Scene in Hamlet Essays Ghost Scene in Hamlet Paper Ghost Scene in Hamlet Paper Essay Topic: Hamlet I have viewed three different versions of the play Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare. The first film I watched was directed by Franco Zefferelli, and starred Mel Gibson as Hamlet. The next film I saw was directed by, and also starred Kenneth Branagh. The final film I viewed was directed by Michael Almereyda, and starred Ethan Hawke as Hamlet. Firstly, I am going to focus on how the ghost scene of the Gibson version was produced. This scene is set around the same time the play was written. It takes place on the roof of the castle, and it fits in well with the language. Hamlet is wearing a black cloak, which shows that he is in mourning over his fathers death. He is also wearing a sword. He is running up steps, following the ghost of his father. The sound is emphasised on footsteps and breathing, which creates a feeling of tension. There is eerie, high-pitched music that can be heard throughout the scene. This music almost seems like the wind. The lighting is very subtle, like the moonlight shining on the ramparts of the castle. A very good lighting effect is when Hamlet is listening to his fathers spirit. On one side of his face it is very light, yet the other side is dark, and you cant see his features very well. There are not many special effects in this scene, and the ghost doesnt seem very supernatural. There are a lot of close up shots, which follow the conversation during the scene. The actors deliver the lines in a specific way. They use different facial expressions and gestures. The ghost looks very distressed, upset and helpless when he is about to speak. Hamlet looks frightened and shocked. His breathing gets heavier as the scene goes on. The ghost begins to talk in a whisper. : It seems as if he is about to break into tears as he speaks about how his spirit is doomed to stay in purgatory for a certain time. Hamlet hears his father talking of how he was murdered, and a close up shows him wiping tears away from his eyes wit his hands. Hamlet is so upset that he has resorted to weeping. When the ghost says, With all my imperfections on my head. Oh horrible, oh horrible, most horrible his voice breaks and he is holding his hands above his head. This is a sign of his vulnerability. The ghost says his final words to his son. Adieu, adieu, adieu. Remember me. He reaches out with his arms, as if he wishes he could hug his son, then disappears. Hamlet falls to his knees in despair and cries. Hamlet gets up and walks down some steps. A window in the roof reveals the dining hall, in which Hamlets mother, Gertrude, and uncle, Claudius, are eating at a party. The light shines on Hamlets face from below. We can hear the laughter and voices of these people in the background. Hamlet is very angry with his uncle for killing his father. He begins to swing his sword around, hitting walls with anger. He shouts out in disgust, Oh most pernicious woman! as he is upset with his mother for marrying the man who killed her husband. He is almost bellowing these words, Oh villain, villain, smiling damned villain! He is determined to get revenge. Hamlet holds up his sword as if it is a crucifix whilst reciting these words. Now to my word: It is Adieu, adieu. Remember me. I have swornt. This shows he has sworn to God and his dead father that he will avenge his fathers murder. I am now going to consider how the Branagh film portrayed the ghost scene. This version of Hamlet is set in the mid eighteenth century, and the language doesnt exactly match the setting. The ghost scene is set in some misty woods, and opens showing Hamlet dressed in a black outfit, running and jumping over logs and bushes. He is delivering his first few lines in a very panicky, rushed manner. It is winter in the scene, which is associated with death and depression. This is the most mythical and paranormal version of the scene. The lighting shows that it is night, yet the fog shows up in the moonlight with a blueish tint. This blue tint connotates cold, ice and death. There are many special effects in this scene. We see flames, mist, the earth opening up, and a bubbling river. All of these could suggest an opening to Hell. There are lots of tracking shots showing Hamlet running to find his fathers ghost, with many cuts to flames and mist. This helps to create tension, as the audience have to deal with many images in a short space of time. The ghost finally appears wearing a helmet and a soldiers outfit. Hamlet jumps back in surprise when he sees the ghost. The apparition has a big grey beard, and his eyes are whitened out, which makes him look scary, mystical, and helps to show that he is dead. The ghost begins to speak. I am thy fathers spirit He has a haunting voice. It is very husky, and like a loud whisper. During the conversation, there are many cuts and close ups between the two actors. There are lots of close ups just of the mouths or eyes. This makes everything seem more secretive, as they are speaking only to each other. No one else is supposed to hear what the ghost has to say. The ghost begins to speak of his murder. Sleeping within my orchard, my custom always of the afternoon. Here, a flashback of the murder begins. The orchard is snowy, and very light, as it is day. We see the Old Hamlet sleeping, and some feet walking towards him. We then see the king hold his ear and fall to the ground, dead. We also see some flashbacks of when the king was alive. He lived in a very expensive, rich-looking palace. He and his wife are both wearing bright red outfits. This could connotates the passion between Hamlets father and his most seeming virtuous queen. Another flashback shows Gertrude and Claudius playing a game in the palace. It is in slow motion, which emphasises the passion between them. Whilst we see these flashbacks, creepy eerie music is playing. The ghost says, Let not the royal bed of Denmark be a couch for luxury and damned incest. When he hears the word incest, a close up of Hamlet shows him disgusted at the thought. The ghost reaches for his sons hand, and then disappears, leaving Hamlet on his knees in sadness. Hamlet says, O all you host of Heaven! O earth! What else? It sounds like his is about to cry. He remains quite calm, although we can tell he is very upset. The scene ends with Hamlet swearing to get revenge, holding his sword like a crucifix. This is a very similar ending to the Gibson version, only much calmer, and with less anger. I am now going to look at the treatment of the ghost scene in the Hawke version of the play. This film is set in present day, meaning that the language is very peculiar for the era. The scene is set in Hamlets modern flat. The room is quite messy. This shows that Hamlet has been so distraught about his fathers death that he doesnt care about the cleanliness of his apartment. Hamlet is wearing black, modern clothes. It is dark night outdoors, as we can see through the windows. A lamp is switched on inside, and it is mirrored in the glass doors, so it seems lighter. Hamlets fathers spirit comes in wearing a black outfit, holding a black jacket. He also has a red tie, which connotates danger, blood and anger. He is holding a cloth, which he occasionally uses to touch his ear with. This shows that blood is slowly pouring from his fatal wound, and he has to clean it up from time to time. The ghost seems much more real in this scene. There is nothing supernatural or mysterious. The spirit begins to talk. My hour is almost come. He speaks in a loud whisper. As he walks further into the room, a television can be seen in the background. On the screen, buildings can be seen getting blown up, and exploding. This could be there to represent Hell. Throughout the scene, dramatic music can be heard softly in the background. There are many shots showing side views of the two actors. The ghost walks around in circles, which confuses Hamlet. The ghost seems almost angry. Hamlet cries out Oh god! in a very bewildered, troubled manner. The ghost pins his son up against the wall, trapping him so that h must listen to what he has to say. The ghost tells Hamlet about his death. Hamlets face shows expressions of confusion and fear. Once he has finished talking, the ghost hugs Hamlet very tightly, and then vanishes. The dramatic music becomes much louder when they hug. The scene ends with Hamlet looking shocked, as his father has completely disappeared. This version is very different to the other adaptations I have studied. It is a lot shorter, and most of the text has been edited out. I personally preferred the film in which Mel Gibson played Hamlet. This is the first film I discussed. I enjoyed it more because the setting seemed more realistic than the other two, and it wasnt too supernatural that it looked false. Mel Gibson portrays himself as Hamlet very accurately. He is anguished and tearful as he hears about how his father was assassinated, and he is very outraged when he sees his incestuous mother and uncle. This is how I think Hamlet should react. If I were him, I would be very distressed and would never want to see my uncle again. I thought that the actor playing the ghost was good. He looked and sounded very vulnerable and upset, which is how I imagine the ghost to be like. I quite enjoyed the Hawke film as well. I thought that, even though the language was very out of date, it worked well. I didnt enjoy the Branagh version as much, as I thought that the costumes were not very realistic. I am now going to imagine that I have the chance to present the ghost scene. I would set it in Shakespearean times. It would be on the roof of a typical stone castle. The lighting would be quite dark, as I would want it to be set in night time, but I think a blue tinted light would be relatively effective. It would help to create a feeling of suspense in the atmosphere. There would be a very dim spotlight on the main part of the castle, where most of the conversation in the scene would take place. Hamlet would be wearing quite plain, dark clothes, and the ghost would be wearing a more high-class outfit, which would show is authority as the deceased king. The spirit would not have any props, but Hamlet might have a sword. Hamlet will be running along the roof of the castle, looking for his father, who we can hear say, My hour is almost come when I to sulphrous and tormenting flames must render up myself. His voice should be very deep and hoarse. It will be quite a chilling and creepy voice. I would like Hamlet to act quite frightened and jump back when he first sees his father, who will touch Hamlet on the back. There wont be many special effects, as I dont think it is necessary. The camera will follow the conversation using many cuts. This will also help to create tension in the scene. I would have a flashback of the murder. Hamlets father will be seen sleeping in a summer orchard. There will be lots of trees, and green grass. This will show that he had very good living conditions, and didnt deserve to die. Hamlets uncle would be seen pouring a liquid into his brothers ear. Then we would see the king wake and fall to the ground. He will look as if he is in pain, holding his ear, and looking terrified and anguished, knowing that his brother has killed him. The ghost will finish his speech and walk off, slowly fading away. He will leave his son in tears. Hamlet will look shocked for a minute, then come to his senses, and get angry. He will shout out in rage, O most pernicious woman! O villain, villain, smiling damned villain! At the end he will say, So uncle, there you are. in a tempting way, as to show that he will get vengeance. The ghost scene in the Gibson film is set in medieval times, and fits in well with the language and costumes. The Branagh film is set in more modern times, around the eighteenth century. The costumes are unrealistic, and the scene is very supernatural and paranormal. The Hawke version of the ghost scene is set in present day and is the most realistic scene I have viewed. I would have my production set in the same era as the Gibson version, and I would use flashbacks, like in the Branagh version. Some of the shots and lighting effects I would use would be totally original, and not taken from any of the accounts I have watched, for example the blue lighting effect.

Definition of the Term LD50

Definition of the Term LD50 Definition: The median lethal dose of a substance, or the amount required to kill 50% of a given test population. LD50 is a measurement used in toxicology studies to determine the potential impact of toxic substances on different types of organisms. It provides an objective measure to compare and rank the toxicity of substances. The LD50 measurement is usually expressed as the amount of toxin per kilogram or pound of body weight. When comparing LD50 values, a lower value is regarded as more toxic, as it means a smaller amount of the toxin is required to cause death. The LD50 test involves exposing a population of test animals, typically mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, or even larger animals such as dogs, to the toxin in question. The toxins might be introduced orally, through injection, or inhaled. Because this testing kills a large sample of the animals, it is now being phased out in the United States and some other countries in favor of newer, less lethal methods. Pesticide studies involve LD50 testing, usually on rats or mice and on dogs. Insect and spider venoms can also be compared using LD50 measurements, to determine which venoms are the most deadly to a given population of organisms. Â   Examples: LD50 values of insect venom for mice: Honey bee, Apis mellifera - LD50 2.8 mg per kg of body weightYellowjacket, Vespula squamosa - LD50 3.5 mg per kg of body weight Reference: W.L. Meyer. 1996. Most Toxic Insect Venom. Chapter 23 in University of Florida Book of Insect Records, 2001. http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/walker/ufbir/.

Financial Crisis in South Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Crisis in South Korea - Essay Example Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand were the countries most affected by the Asian economic recession. The economic growth of Indonesia slowed down from an average rate of between 5% and 7% to 4.7% in 1997. Forecasts for 1998 and 1998 showed a negative 12% growth, and inflation rate was predicted to soar to 66%. In 1998 rupiah's value declined by 80%. As a consequence of the devaluation, the country's foreign debt multiplied.. Simple economic theories would explain how the devaluation of baht affected other economies. A devaluation of any local currency implied an increase in the cost of imports. Crane stated that in Thailand, such devaluation meant inflation in fuel and food. Reports said that overall prices soared 4.9 percent in July 1997 from the previous year. The surge in rice and flour prices was even higher, at 42%. In the Philippines, interest rates reached 33.5 percent in September 1997 from the previous week's 12 percent. This was for the peso to sustain its value or at least slow down its decline. Inevitably, interest rates on credit cards, mortgages and personal loans would also increase. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad blamed the IMF for the economic decline. He believed bracing the stock market with public pension money would resolve the issue. Martin Hart-Landsberg and Paul Burkett's "Economic Crisis and Restructuring in South Korea Beyond the Free Market-Statist Debate" offers an analysis of the causes, nature and consequences of the restructuring process of post- Asian crisis South Korea. In the process of identifying the causes, the authors discussed the various aspects of restructuring and reform. The article studied the cause of the country's monetary decline from two standpoints: the... Researchers proposed financial-crisis models as long-term solutions for South Korea and as tools to forecast economic conditions. There were two models: the weak-fundamentals view and the financial-panic view. Based on the weak-fundamentals perspective, a country’s weakness in macroeconomic or financial fundamental triggers the abrupt backflow of capital. This called for radical reforms and support to see things through. On the other hand, the weak-fundamentals view predicted a slow recovery because it took a while before creditors and other financial institutions were able to complete the auditing and accounting process and recognition of losses was not made instantly. However, economists claimed that neither of the two views above proved helpful in the Asian-crisis recovery. The fast recovery of Korea since the economic recession misrepresents the observed social and political developments. The election of Kim Dae Jung to power symbolized the bureaucracy’s adoption of a politically neutral institution. The state has manifested social maturity by valuing loyalty to the institutions of governance as opposed to loyalty to the institutions of the few privileged groups.

The Career Aspirations of Michele Terry Case Study - 44

The Career Aspirations of Michele Terry - Case Study Example Last year, after discussions with her family and bank officer, Michele dropped the ambition of being the Executive Vice President. This led her to carefully reflect on her reasons for being a senior bank officer. These reasons are; money, status, and ability to develop financial policies that favor the community. This is the reason she decided to attend training on community reinvestment. The training enabled her to chair the new market development taskforce. She also used her experience to mentor young bank managers on career issues. The new work responsibilities have enabled Michele to effectively handle family matters. Her work motivation and satisfaction has also improved, as illustrated through her increasingly positive performance appraisal (Collings & Wood, 2009). The analysis of Michele’s work illustrates poor remuneration. This is because one of her reasons for the promotion if to get more monetary benefits. Her job design is appropriate; she has the opportunity of hiring new management staffs at the bank. The bank has a training and development program. Michele had the opportunity of improving her competencies through attending the community reinvestment training. Compensation and rewards are offered according to seniority at the company. The executive officers at the bank get the most competitive remuneration package (Conaty & Ram, 2011). The bank implements appropriate performance management measure. This is through the regular performance appraisal sessions. After the community reinvestment training, she received positive performance appraisals. The bank values positive employee relations. Michele illustrates the relations through guiding and counseling junior staffs, who eventually get promoted.  

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Industrial marketing is another contemporary marketing aspect. It entails changing the focus from the end products to capital goods. Industrial marketing utilizes advertising, promotion and communication to consumers in order to increase the sales. In the same way, companies are currently using social marketing as an avenue of generating benefits for members of the society. In order to reach customers regardless of their location, organizations adopt e-marketing that involve use of internet to market their products. This has been achieved through the advancement of technology in the contemporary world. Ethics in Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company maintains corporate governance guidelines that depict the approaches adopted by the company in order to enhance corporate governance that is vital in meeting the needs of its consumers and employees. In order to ensure accountability and transparency in the company, Coca-Cola management team undertakes regular reviews of its system. The rev iew is also undertaken to achieve international ethical practises thus ensuring the company retains its leadership in the soft drink industry. Code of business conduct is one of the major aspects that are adopted by directors, employees and other associates in order to enhance integrity and honesty during the performance of their duties. Any time new directors or employees are hired by the company, they should study and understand the ethics concepts that are covered by the code. In this way, they effectively emulate the required ethical procedures during their duties. The company also has put in place Ethics & Compliance Committee whose responsibilities include administering the Code. Other duties of the... The paper work studies the aspects of social marketing as an avenue of generating benefits for members of the society. In the contemporary world, marketing has been influenced by various aspects that include technology development, customer relationship management, globalization and stiff competition. To ensure that companies remain competitive and the sales volume are increased, it is imperative to ensure that ethical issues are appropriately addressed during the operations of any company. Coca-Cola Company, the world market leader in the soft drink industry has portrayed effective ways of dealing with ethical issues. Despite the criticism that faced the company mostly from India, Coca-Cola has not been left behind as far as undertaking social responsibilities is concerned. This has resulted to creation of strong customer-company relationship which has seen the company sales increase over the years. Another essential marketing aspect that Coca-Cola has adopted is effective segmentat ion of its market. Meeting of its customer needs is an important aspect that Coca-Cola has initiated in its effort to win customer’s loyalty and trust. This has been achieved through segmentation of its market based on the location and behaviours of its customers among other aspects as depicted in the discussion above. Additionally, Coca-Cola has embarked on various strategies in order to improve its brand awareness. These include extensive advertisement of its brands especially via its website and other avenues.

How I Saved a Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How I Saved a Life - Essay Example The American countryside experience was quite interesting and calm. Unlike the city which was flocked with people, Colorado had sparse population. There were a lot of old houses that we encountered as we drove off the highway and into a paved spur and finally to a washboard that led us to Ed’s home. The fresh smell of countryside welcomed us home as cows mooed and horses neighed. Our vacation had just begun. Hardly had we finished taking tea that we were out as Ed was dying to show me around. Joining us was one of Ed’s friends who schooled in the countryside and had come to welcome Ed home. The young girl was lovely and we got along quite easily.As we were strolling round the fields, I could not help but appreciate the beautiful scenery of the old structures together with the green environment. While everything seemed fine, the unexpected happened. I had a quick yell which fast disappeared into the ground. On turning back, I could not see the young girl. By that time, E d was running towards the source of the scream. I quickly followed him and true to our fears, Ed’s friend was trapped in a pit. The pit was dark and had stems and roots of various plants running deep inside. We could only hear echoes of the girl’s cries from the top of the pit. Confused and scared, we stared at each other not knowing what to do with darkness quickly setting in.Ed was particularly scared because of what I came to realize later was fear of losing the friend having lost a cousin in the pit some years back through a similar experience

Creative and innovative management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

Creative and innovative management - Assignment Example Innovation changes knowledge, creativity and ideas into extraordinary value and competitive gain. Creative and innovation always makes an organisation to differentiate itself from its competitors. For instance, innovation or creativity need not always results in a new service or a new product. By adopting an innovative techniques, Rent-a-car, a leading rental car operator in USA is able to differentiate itself from its competitors like Avis, Hertz, National and Budget. Facing a stiff competition from the above competitors, Rent-a-Car is able to vie its competitors through introducing an innovation in its business channel, model and customer experience by emphasising on a differential user need where a customer can drive a car by himself when his car is under repair. Rent-a-car established a channel with vast network of both the neighbourhood and local offices and banked upon a unique business model where insurance companies will be paying the major share of the rentals. This innovati ve business strategy facilitated the customer to hire a car and drive by himself for any purpose ending in a diverse customer experience. The outcome was that these innovative strategies enhanced the revenue of Enterprise Rent-a-Car company annual revenue from just $1 billion in 1995 to $11.9 billions revenue in 2013 thereby pushing down the earlier market leader Hertz far behind it. Bill Gates , the founder of the Microsoft Inc, employed creativity , ingenuity , enthusiasm and long-term vision for personal computing, which has pushed Microsoft to advance sustainably and to enhance the available software technology and made strong efforts to make the personal computer cost-effective , less cumbersome and more convenience for the people to use. Microsoft’s revenue stood at $86,833 millions in 2014 and $ 77,849 millions in 2013. Bill Gates initially started his career

Macroeconomic Performance and Strategic Decisions Essay - 1

Macroeconomic Performance and Strategic Decisions - Essay Example Kazakhstan is an emerging economy in Central Asia and is one of the former Soviet republics. Each of these countries would be analysed on four main areas. The analysis would outline the four parts of this paper. Part one is a summary of the macroeconomic performance of each country over the last three years (2004-2006). Part two is a critical evaluation of the economy as a target market for exports. Part three is a critical examination of advantages and disadvantages of the economy as a potential source of inputs into a manufacturing company. Part four is an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the economy as a location for foreign direct investment or FDI. Table 1 summarises key economic indicators for these countries. The researcher acknowledges the sources in the Bibliography. The UK, with a total GDP of $1.8 trillion growing 3.1% annually is the world's fourth largest economy and has a population of 59 million with high disposable incomes, making it one of the best gateways to penetrate European markets with a per capita income of $30,447 at purchasing power parity. This former world superpower is the world's 6th freest (of 155) economy (Heritage, 2007, p. 381), the 10th (of 125 countries) most competitive nation on earth (World Economic Forum, 2006, p. xvii), and the world's 21st most competitive economy, which includes sub-economies that are not states or countries like Catalonia in Spain (IMD, 2006, p. 7). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of England (BOE) keeps a close look at the inflation rate that is only slightly rising between 2 and 3% annually by monitoring interest rates (BOE, 2007). The U.K. uses two inflation measures: the Retail Price Index (RPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Both are similar but with minor differences in composition, coverage, and weighting of prices in the index. Since December 2003, the CPI has been used for monetary policy with a target of 2.0% on average over time (BOE, 2007). The sterling exchange rate remains strong against the U.S. dollar and stayed within the range of 0.58 to 0.53 by end-2006. The sterling weakened against the Euro as expected from 0.69 to 0.72 by end-2006, a trend expected to last until end-2007 depending on Eurozone interest rates changes. These currency movements were affected by the weakening of the U.S. economy and a strengthening Eurozone with respect to the UK, signifying low currency volatility due to sterling's lack of attractiveness as a medium for short-term capital flows in currency markets caused by the UK's flat interest rate curve (BOE, 2007, p. 2). The UK stock market continued to rise, returning 22.0% up to December 2006, continuing a two-year trend, with the FTSE 100 index closing higher by end-2006. The UK equities market is expected to follow its upward trajectory in 2007 on the back of stable prices and renewed business and consumer confidence. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HK SAR) The HKSAR celebrated last July 1, 2007 its tenth anniversary since its handover by the UK to the People's Republic of China. HKSAR retains its unique status as a Special Administrative Region until 2047 and hopes to remain as the world's most liberal capitalist economy whilst at the same time being a part of the largest and most progressive Communist nation with

How I Saved a Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How I Saved a Life - Essay Example The American countryside experience was quite interesting and calm. Unlike the city which was flocked with people, Colorado had sparse population. There were a lot of old houses that we encountered as we drove off the highway and into a paved spur and finally to a washboard that led us to Ed’s home. The fresh smell of countryside welcomed us home as cows mooed and horses neighed. Our vacation had just begun. Hardly had we finished taking tea that we were out as Ed was dying to show me around. Joining us was one of Ed’s friends who schooled in the countryside and had come to welcome Ed home. The young girl was lovely and we got along quite easily.As we were strolling round the fields, I could not help but appreciate the beautiful scenery of the old structures together with the green environment. While everything seemed fine, the unexpected happened. I had a quick yell which fast disappeared into the ground. On turning back, I could not see the young girl. By that time, E d was running towards the source of the scream. I quickly followed him and true to our fears, Ed’s friend was trapped in a pit. The pit was dark and had stems and roots of various plants running deep inside. We could only hear echoes of the girl’s cries from the top of the pit. Confused and scared, we stared at each other not knowing what to do with darkness quickly setting in.Ed was particularly scared because of what I came to realize later was fear of losing the friend having lost a cousin in the pit some years back through a similar experience

Macroeconomic Performance and Strategic Decisions Essay - 1

Macroeconomic Performance and Strategic Decisions - Essay Example Kazakhstan is an emerging economy in Central Asia and is one of the former Soviet republics. Each of these countries would be analysed on four main areas. The analysis would outline the four parts of this paper. Part one is a summary of the macroeconomic performance of each country over the last three years (2004-2006). Part two is a critical evaluation of the economy as a target market for exports. Part three is a critical examination of advantages and disadvantages of the economy as a potential source of inputs into a manufacturing company. Part four is an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the economy as a location for foreign direct investment or FDI. Table 1 summarises key economic indicators for these countries. The researcher acknowledges the sources in the Bibliography. The UK, with a total GDP of $1.8 trillion growing 3.1% annually is the world's fourth largest economy and has a population of 59 million with high disposable incomes, making it one of the best gateways to penetrate European markets with a per capita income of $30,447 at purchasing power parity. This former world superpower is the world's 6th freest (of 155) economy (Heritage, 2007, p. 381), the 10th (of 125 countries) most competitive nation on earth (World Economic Forum, 2006, p. xvii), and the world's 21st most competitive economy, which includes sub-economies that are not states or countries like Catalonia in Spain (IMD, 2006, p. 7). The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Bank of England (BOE) keeps a close look at the inflation rate that is only slightly rising between 2 and 3% annually by monitoring interest rates (BOE, 2007). The U.K. uses two inflation measures: the Retail Price Index (RPI) and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Both are similar but with minor differences in composition, coverage, and weighting of prices in the index. Since December 2003, the CPI has been used for monetary policy with a target of 2.0% on average over time (BOE, 2007). The sterling exchange rate remains strong against the U.S. dollar and stayed within the range of 0.58 to 0.53 by end-2006. The sterling weakened against the Euro as expected from 0.69 to 0.72 by end-2006, a trend expected to last until end-2007 depending on Eurozone interest rates changes. These currency movements were affected by the weakening of the U.S. economy and a strengthening Eurozone with respect to the UK, signifying low currency volatility due to sterling's lack of attractiveness as a medium for short-term capital flows in currency markets caused by the UK's flat interest rate curve (BOE, 2007, p. 2). The UK stock market continued to rise, returning 22.0% up to December 2006, continuing a two-year trend, with the FTSE 100 index closing higher by end-2006. The UK equities market is expected to follow its upward trajectory in 2007 on the back of stable prices and renewed business and consumer confidence. Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HK SAR) The HKSAR celebrated last July 1, 2007 its tenth anniversary since its handover by the UK to the People's Republic of China. HKSAR retains its unique status as a Special Administrative Region until 2047 and hopes to remain as the world's most liberal capitalist economy whilst at the same time being a part of the largest and most progressive Communist nation with

Why Is Credentialing Important Essay Example for Free

Why Is Credentialing Important Essay Physicians in general often undergo credentialing by the medical institutions and managed care organizations they want to work for and be affiliated with. Such organizations include hospitals, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), and preferred provider organizations (PPOs) which are responsible in providing quality services to their subscribers (Sobelman, 2001). According to Freed et al (2006, p. 913) â€Å"credentialing is a systematic approach to the collection, review, and verification of a practitioners professional qualification†. A practitioners qualification can be assessed based on his or her professional license, certification, educational background and preparation, clinical experience and professional activity and practices (Jones, nd). Credentialing therefore is important in evaluating and assessing the competence of medical practitioners. It is important to both the physicians and medical institutions because credentialing serves as the basis of maintaining quality health care and patient safety (Norcal, 1999, p. 1). Basically, credentialing is a necessity for almost every healthcare providers particularly the physicians for they are directly responsible for the patients treatment outcomes. Credentialing is an ongoing process (Rozovsky et al, 1994) that involves review and verification of the physicians current professional license, current, education, training, hospital privileges and levels of liability insurance as well as review of the physicians office if applicable to determine the quality of service the physician provide to his own clients (Sobelman, 2001). It is an ongoing and continuous process because of the need to ensure that the training and practices of the physicians are aligned with the changing needs of the patients. The processes involved in credentialing are necessary particularly the validation of certificates, training and current hospital privileges as well as the Drug Enforcement Administration and Controlled Drug Substance Certificates because these are very important in avoiding any possible risk and professional liabilities in which the managed care organizations can be held liable. Certificates in particular assured the public that the physician has successfully completed an accredited educational programs, examinations and evaluations, and provide assurance that the physician possess the skills, expertise, knowledge and experience required in practicing his profession (Hillemeier, 2004) When the physicians capability, scope of practice and specializations are known, risks and liabilities are avoided and managed. From this, it can be viewed that managed care organizations conduct credentialing of physicians as part of their risk management activities. Defining, risk management, â€Å" it is a planned and systematic process of reducing and/or eliminating the probability that losses will occur† (Yale New Haven Hospital, n. d). It is very common that when patients has complaints regarding the quality of care given to them, the hospital or HMO lose patients or subscribers that could have provided them better profitability. Complaints from patients and subscribers also pose threat as it can decrease the level of trust patients and the public have for the organization. Thus, managed care organizations see to it that the physicians who will work for them have undergone credentialing which must be designed to aid organizations in choosing competent physicians that has the capability of providing quality care for their patients. Organizations are aware that competent physicians are an important asset to the organization. On the part of the physicians themselves, credentialing broadens the scope of their practice. The more the credentials a physician holds, the more clinical activities he will be authorized to perform. Therefore credentialing is a process that benefits both the organization and the physicians as well as the public. Because of credentialing, physicians and organizations have aimed to improve the competence and quality of healthcare services they offer and provide. Credentialing raises the standards of healthcare organizations. References: Freed, G. , Singer, D. , Lakhani, I. , et al (2006) Use of Board Certification and Recertification of Pediatricians in Health Plan Credentialing Policies, The Journal of American Medical Association, 295:913-918 Hillemeier A, (2004). Recertification now requires a secure examination. Journal of Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. ,38:376-377 Jones, Dolores, Reimbursement, Privileging, and Credentialing for Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, Retrieved online on February 24, 2007 www.medscape.com/

Proses Kebijakan

Proses Kebijakan REVIEW 2: CHAPTER TIGA BUKU PUBLIC POLICY: Proses Kebijakan Pada bagian yang ketiga ini, buku public policy karangan riant nugroho ingin menceritakan mengenai mekanisme pembuatan kebijakan juga masalah yang terkait dengan mekanisme tersebut. Secara garis besar buku ini menceritakan mengenai alur kebijakan public diproses mulai dari perumusan kebijakan, implementasi sampai evaluasi. Terdapat banyak alur berpikir mengenai proses bekerjanya kebijakan public. Dalam perumusan kebijakan public, penulis banyak penyertakan berbagai cara untuk merumuskan kebijakan public. Banyak sekali model yang diterangkan oleh penulis, mulai dai model yang tidak demokratis sampai dengan model yang demokratis. Dalam banyak ceritanya model yang tidak demokratis selalu menempatkan Negara sebagai actor yang dominan yang dapat membuat kebijakan. Menganggap proses perumusan kebijakan publik adalah mutlak kewajiban Negara dan hak Negara, rakyat tidak dapat berpartisipasi dalam hal ini. Dan pada akhirnya kebijakan public yang seperti ini tidak juga membawa dampak yang signifikan terhadap public karena kurang mengapresiasikan masalah public yang sebenarnya. Sedangkan proses perumusan yang demokratis, penulis ingin menegaskan bahwa perumusan yang demokratis haruslah mengelaborasi semua suara stakeholders Negara. Model ini adalah model yang dianut oleh Indonesia. Model ini banyak berkembang karena memiliki keterkaitan dengan implementasi good governance[1]. Bukan berarti model perumusan yang demikian ini, tidak memiliki kelemahan. Kelemahan yang dimiliki adalah kebijakan mengenai isu-isu yang vital dan masalah krisis terkadang kurang menjadi efektif dalam prosesnya. Dimana terkadang domain yang seharusnya dikerjakan dan menjadi otoritas penuh Negara menjadi otoritas public, sehingga kebijakan yang dibuat tidak efektif juga efisien. Rian nogroho juga tidak hanya menerangkan berbagai permasalah mengenai perumusan kebijakan public dia juga menyodorkan kepada pembaca mengenai bentuk yang baik dalam perumusan kebijakan. Selama ini kita tahu bahwa banyak masalah yang timbul saat proses perumusan kebijakan seperti masalah cultural yang menganggap bahwa kebijakan public adalah hukum[2], masalah teknis juga transparansi. Dari masalah-masalah tersebut kita disodori penyelesaian ala penulis mengenai perumusan kebijakan public. Penulis ingin proses perumusan kebijakan tetap berjalan demokratis namun juga strategis dan merata. Tahapan berikutanya setelah perumusan kebijkan adalah implemntasi kebijakan. Implementasi kebijakan juga melibatkan rakyat secara langsung sebagai actor yang secara langsung merasakan dampak dari suatu kebijakan. Implementasi merupakan hal penting yang harus diperhatikan, karena pada proses inilah suatu kebijakan diuji. Suatu kebijakan dapat dikatan berhasil atau tidak tergantung pada pengimplentasian kebijakan tersebut. Benar adanya jika studi pengenai implentasi kebijakan akan mati jika hanya masuk dalam ilmu administrasi Negara dan ilmu politik saja, mengingat kompleksitas actor yang masuk kedalam proses ini. Proses implementasi kebijakan ini banyak menyangkut dimensi ekonomi juga dimensi sosial. Seperti pada proses perumusan kebijakan, pada proses implementasi kebijakan pun penulis banyak menerangkan mengenai model pengimplementasian kebijakan, mulai dari model yang paling sederhana sampai model yang rumit. Model yang sederhana yang saya maksudkan adalah model yang tidak banyak melibatkan actor dan kepentingan pada suatu kebijakan. Dan model yang rumit adalah model yang banyak menampilkan actor yang terlibat juga kepentingan mereka. Selain itu pula model-model yang diterangkan oleh penulis sebenarnya juga berkaitan mengenai pola kebijakan, seperti pola yang bersifat top-bottomer atau pola bottom-topper[3]. Rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah efktifitas bagi terselenggaranya implementasi kebijakan public. Penulis tidak pernah suka menggunakan kata â€Å"mix† atau campuran dalam rekomendasinya. namun sepertinya penulis juga mengarahakan kita pada model yang nantinya itu adalah sebuah model campuran yang dapat kita sesuaikan sendiri dengan setiap kebijakan yang lahir. Satu hal lagi yaitu mengenai bagaimana proses kebijakan yaitu sosialisasi. Prose ini penting agar suatu kebijakan dapat diimplementasikan dengan baik juga efektif. Jika efktifitas penting dalam implementasi kebijakan makan sosialisasi pun demikian adanya. Jika suatu kebijakan telah dibuatkan dan dilaksanakan program realisasinya sebelum disosialisasikan maka hal tersebut mustahil untul berhasil. Karena actor yang secara langsung memperoleh imbas dan sekaligus pelaksananya (birokrat atau rakyat) akan kebingungan dalam pelaksanaannya. Proses berikutnya setelah implementasi kebijakan adalah evaluasi kebijakan. Proses evaluasi kebijakan merupakan proses yang tidak dapat dihindari mengingat ini adalah proses yang membantu sebuah kebijakan untuk beradaptasi. Penulis menerangkan bahwa suatu kebijakan tidak dapat dengan mudah diganti dengan kebijakan yang baru sehingga evaluasi kebijakan adalah solusi yang ditawarkan. Tujuan utamanya adalah mencari kekurangan dari suatu kebijakan dan kemudian menutup kekurangan tersebut[4]. Evaluasi kebijakan tidak hanya memiliki tujuan namun juga memiliki ciri. Ciri kebijakan public adalah: (1) tujuannya menemukan hal-hal yang strategis untuk meningkatkan kinerja kebijakan; (2) evaluator mampu mengambil jarak dari pembuat kebijakan, pelaksana kebijakan, dan target kebijakan; (3) prosedur dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara metodologi; (4) dilaksanakan tidak dalam suasana permusuhan atau kebencian; (5) mencakup rumusan, implementasi, lingkungan dan kinerja kebijakan. Evalusi pun bervariatif seperti halnya perumusan kebijakan dan implementasi kebijakan. Dalam berbagai model yang telah diterangkan oleh penulis diawal mengenai berbagai model perumusan kebijakan didalamnya juga telah tercantum mengenai evaluasi kebijakan. Namun penulis juga memberikan alternative pilihan lain lagi mengenai model lain dari keseluruhan yang telah ada di awal buku, seperti model evaluasi William N. Dunn sampai model Howlet dan Ramesh. Dari kesemua model baru yang diterangkan oleh penulis terdapat garis besar yaitu proses evaluasi selalu berkaitan erat dengan kinerja suatu kebijakan public. Evaluasi lingkungan kebijakan public pada prinsipnya adalah memberikan gambaran atau diskripsi mengenai konteks dirumuskan dan diimplementasikannya suatu kebijakan[5]. Dengan adanya pendiskripsian mengenai kinerja kebijakan maka itu memberikan sebuah gambaran akan pemahaman mengenai proses berjalannya kebijakan yang baik dan efektif. Mengingat efektifitas penting dalam setiap proses kebijakan public. Selain itu pula evaluasi kebijakan merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan good governance, utamanya dimensi akuntabilitas[6]. Dengan disuguhakan berbagai model evaluasi kebijakan public sepertinya hal tersebut cenderung membuat bingung pembaca. Bahwa ada tumpang tindih dalam pemikiran atau tulisan sang penulis. Karena dengan semakin bervariatifnya suatu pilihan hal tersebut justru tidak baik karena akan tumpang tindih, sehingga para pembaca justru semakin tidak paham mengenai bagaimana pemikiran punlis mengenai proses yang satu ini, proses evaluasi kebijakan. Proses terakhir dari rangkaian pembuatan kebijakan public adalah proses revisi kebijakan. Proses ini adalah tindakan lanjutan dari evaluasi kebijakan. Jika dalam proses evaluasi kebijkan diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa suatu kebijakan tetap dilaksanakan namun hal tersebut perlu perbaikan, maka revisi kebijakan adalah jalannya. Jika hasil dari evaluasi adalah tetap dijalankan tanpa revisi maka proses ini tidak dijalani. Itulah kenapa proses ini tidak mutlak ada pada setiap kebijakan public. Proses ini bersifat fleksibel dalam rangkaian proses kebijakan public. Proses kerja revisi kebijakan juga tidak jauh berbeda dengan perumusan kebijakan, sama rumitnya. Namun perbedaan ada pada permulaan suatu kebijakan diproses, pada proses ini dimulai dengan evaluasi kebijakan, jadi ini hanya bersifat memperbaiki masalah dan mempelajari kembali suatu masalah public. Dengan adanya revisi diharapkan suatu kebijakan dapat bekerja lebih efektif daripada sebelum direvisi. Dan kali ini penulis tidak menuliskan berbagai model yang dapat kita pakai saat kita akan melakukan revisi kebijakan. Si penulis hanya menerangkan sedikit mengenai proses revisi kebijakan. Bahwa prose ini jga tidak kalah rumit dan panjangnya dengan proses awal pembuatan kebijakan. Dalam buku riant nugroho ini pembaca dapat mengentahui berbgai varian model prose pembuatan kebijakan, implementasi kebijakan sampai evaluasi kebijakan. Itu adalah bentuk dari kelebihan dari tulisan riant ini. Namun kelemahan yang juga ditunjukkan oleh penulisnya dalah dengan terlalu banyak menerangkan varian-varian atau model-model prose kebijakan justru nanti akan semakin tumpang tindih dan membingungkan. Walau setiap rekomendasi yang ditawarkan oleh penulis adalah bukan model campuran tapi sepertinya penulis ingin agar pembaca sendiri yang membuat model campuran tersebut. Alur pemikiran yang dibuat oleh penulis juga sepertinya lebih mengarah pada alur pemikiran studi administrasi Negara. Proses-proses politik dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan public kurang dipertajam. Itulah salah satu lagi kekurangana yang ditunjukkan oleh penulis. JURUSAN POLITIK DAN PEMERINTAHAN FISIPOL UGM LEMBAR COVER TUGAS 2010 Nama : SURYANINGSIH No. Mahasiswa : 07/257095/SP/22444 Nama Matakuliah : KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK Dosen : PURWO SANTOSO BAYU DARDIAS Judul Tugas : REVIEW2: PUBLIC POLICY Jumlah Kata : 1208 CHECK LIST Saya telah: Mengikuti gaya referensi tertentu secara konsisten†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Memberikan soft copy tugas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Deklarasi Pertama, saya menyatakan dengan sebenar-benarnya bahwa: * Karya ini merupakan hasil karya saya pribadi. * Karya ini sebagian besar mengekspresikan ide dan pemikiran saya yang disusun menggunakan kata dan gaya bahasa saya sendiri. * Apabila terdapat karya atau pemikiran orang lain atau sekelompok orang, karya, ide dan pemikiran tersebut dikutip dengan benar, mencantumkan sumbernya serta disusun sesuai dengan kaidah yang berlaku. * Tidak ada bagian dari tigas ini yang pernah dikirim atau dinilai, dipublikasikan dan/atau digunakan untuk memenuhi tugas makuliah lain sebelumnya. Kedua, saya menyatakan bahwa apabila satu atau lebih ketentuan diatas tidak ditepati, saya sadar akan menerima sanksi minimal berupa kehilangan hak untuk menerima nilai untuk mata kuliah ini. Suryaningsih 8 Maret 2010 Tanda Tangan Tanggal [1] Riant Nugroho, Public Policy, 2008, Hal: 376 [2] Ibid, Hal: 424 [3] Ibid, Hal: 451 [4] Ibid, Hal: 472 [5] Ibid, Hal: 488 [6]Ibid, Hal: 492

Joseph Bediers The Romance of Tristan and Iseult and Jean Cocteau’s Et

The Romance of Tristan and Iseult, by Joseph Bà ©dier, and Jean Cocteau’s 1943 cinematic adaptation of the epic love story Eternal Return, both portray the love between Tristan and Iseult, and Patrice and Natalie as an agonizing cancer that overpowers the lovers after they consume the love potion. But the differences of how and when the love potion is administered, and the lovers’ feelings for each other before the potion is drunk, reveal different depictions of the love potion between the novel and the film. The first difference between the film and the novel is when the two lovers drink the love potion. In the book, they drink the love potion when they are still on the boat and have â€Å"dropped anchor by an island† (Bà ©dier, 42). Here Iseult has not met King Mark. But in the film, Natalie and Patrice drink the love potion after Natalie has been introduced to Uncle Mark. In the first instance, they both have a chance to elope, and no one would be the wiser. They can easily live a life of comfort and full of love with each other, but Tristan chooses to hand over the woman he loves to his Uncle, and suffer for his love. In the film, Natalie and Patrice are not given this option, and therefore do not have a chance to escape their faith. Also in the book, an unknowing maid gives the love potion to the lovers. She believes that she is just giving them wine. This signifies the fact that no one intentionally wished for them to suffer, but faith led them to it. But i n the film, Achille puts the love potion in their drinks on the pretext of murdering them with poison. In the film the fact that the love potion is labeled poison, foreshadows the pain and sorrow the two lovers will face, because poison leads to a slo... ...g this news for the first time and is astounded and angry. Aunt Gertrude, though shrewd and unlikable, also realizes the attraction between Patrice and Natalie, and tells Patrice that he is marrying the girl he loves to his Uncle. Her awareness on this subject may be rooted in her hate for Patrice and her desire to destroy him because her son can never be as loved as Patrice, but that does not alter the fact that she feels and notices the love between Patrice and Natalie. The difference in the film and the novel alter the depiction of the love affair between Tristan and Iseult and Patrice and Natalie. While the novel portrays Tristan and Iseult as causing the suffering they endure because of their love, the film makes Patrice and Natalie the victims of faith and love. Works Cited Bedier, Joseph. The Romance of Tristan and Iseult. New York, 1994

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury Tales as a whole was very interesting. It has introduced us to a way of life that we never knew existed. It also introduced us to a type of crude humor that we have never been exposed to. It has shown us a true side of life during the Middle Ages. We have learned many things already from our World History teachers, but to experience it first hand is a different story. To experience the jokes, the merriment, and culture opens the gates to a new world. I think that these tales have been very entertaining, and enriching. I liked all the tales that I have read. I think that Geoffrey Chaucer was right to record culture the way it is, and not have toned it down to fit the needs of religion. The culture is the way it is, and no one can change it, only to record it. Chaucer recorded like he saw it, with no bias or impure intentions. He was just an author trying to write a book, for people to read and enjoy. I think that the Miller's Tale was very interesting, and definitely showed us some of the crude humor that people in the Middle Ages liked to read about. Most of the crude descriptions, or would not even be allowed to be discussed in sex education class. It can be gruesome, yet it can also be romantic. The plot describes the two lovers, as trying to make love, yet her husband must be distracted. They scheme a clever plot to avoid detection, but a friend spoils the plan. It is a Romeo and Juliet version that is a bit twisted, and bent. The Reeve's Tale In the Prioress's Tale religious discrimination is a definite issue. It deals with the conflicts concerning Jewish, and Christian people. Although in today's times this religious conflict would not usually occur, it is still a minor issue. Most Christians do not despise Jewish people, and most Jewish people do not despise Christian people, in fact they seem to get along together pretty nicely. However in the Middle Ages people must have thought differently because this type of story would never be allowed in our library. However Chaucer has written the Tale in the way he felt that best expressed the times. The Pardoner's Tale had to do with some religious issues again. In this tale it discusses different types of sins, and tells a tale of a group of boy's sins.

Where the Wild Things Are Reading Log

VISUAL Title: Where the Wild Things Are Director: Spike Jonze Cultural Perspective: American Gender Perspective: Male Critical Reputation: Yes (Nominated for the Saturn Award) Date of Response: 21 September 2011 ‘Where the Wild Things Are’ directed by Spike Jonze links to the theme crisis and change through the character Max and his struggle to control his emotions. Max runs away and falls asleep and dreams of the island where the wild things live each wild thing representing parts of himself and his relationships with his family members.On the island he is placed to govern his own feelings after fighting with his mother. The wild things are symbols of the relationships he has with his sister and mum and his own emotions. Many of what happens in his world where the wild things live parallel Max’s reality  such as the dirt clod war which contrasts the snowball fight he had where he splits his emotions into good and ‘bad’ teams. Carroll, Douglas and K W are on his side while Judith, Ira, Alexander and Bull are classed as bad.Carroll is a symbol of Max’s uncontrollable anger and his destructive side which Max understands the best because he is constantly battling anger. Douglas is the symbol of reason and KW a girl who is full of love and represents his mother especially when she hides him from Carroll and also the close relationship between Carroll and KW because he does have a close relationship with his mother and she is the one who experiences the most of his anger bursts, however she is not really there when he needs her because she has to work.But there is a lovely moment between Max and his mother early on in the film which symbolises the love between them, when his mother writes the story Max tells her while he plays with her feet. ‘†There were some buildings†¦ There were these really tall buildings, and they could walk. Then there were some vampires. And one of the vampires bit the tallest building , and his fangs broke off. Then all his other teeth fell out. Then he started crying. And then, all the other vampires said, â€Å"Why are you crying? Weren't those just your baby teeth? † And he said, â€Å"No.Those were my grown-up teeth. † And the vampires knew he couldn't be a vampire anymore, so they left him. The end. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This is a moment when Max opens up to his mother through his creative side, and one of the nicest moments between Max and his mother in the whole film. Judith is a symbol of his relationship with his sister. They don’t really get on and she isn’t there for him when he needs her as represented by the quote that Judith says ‘†You know what? You can't do that back to me. If we're upset, your job is not to get upset back at us. Our job is to be upset.If I get mad and wanna eat you, then you have to say: â€Å"Oh, okay. You can eat me. I love you. Whatever makes you happy, Judith? † That's what you're supp osed to do! †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this is exactly what Max expects from his sister and he is constantly upset by her. Ira symbolises the part of Max that is pushed around by the people in his life and Alexander symbolises the side of Max that no one listens to and is mistreated by the other wild things. Bull is a symbol of the journey and how that there are always going to be parts of yourself you won’t understand and that Max’s emotional journey has only just begun.Max changes throughout his time on that he spends on the island and comes to understand what his mother has to put up with as he finds it extremely hard to be in charge of Carroll as he is unruly. As he leaves the island KW says ‘†Don’t go, I’ll eat you up. I love you so†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which reflects how she swallowed Max to protect him from Carroll because she loves him. He goes back to have a greater understanding of himself and what his mother has to put up with. Throughout the movie you feel sorry for Max as he is misunderstood and ignored.His sister doesn’t stand up for him when he is squashed in the snow fort he built with him inside. I also felt that some of his behaviour was unnecessary but throughout his stay on the island you find out that he had just not matured enough to understand what others had to put up with until he had to put up with it himself. ‘I don't talk to owls. Owls are stupid. ’ This quote symbolises how Max has no understanding and feels left out because he cannot understand what the owls are saying just like Carroll.The film also connects to the theme crisis and change with the idea that children are burdened with adults problems. Max is told by the teacher at school that the sun is going to die and this shocks him. Later on while he and Carroll are touring the island they come across the empty part of the world. Carroll says ‘†this part of your kingdom is not so good†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †Well, look this u sed to be all rock, now it’s all sand, and then one day it’s going to all be dust and then the whole island will be dust, and then†¦ I don’t even know what comes after dust. ’ This symbolises how max is burdened with the fact that not only is his childish imagination dying but so is he, just like the sun. Later max responds by saying ‘†Carroll, did you know the sun was going to die? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Carroll responds with ‘†What? I’ve never heard that†¦ oh come on. That can’t happen. I mean you’re the king, and look at me, I’m big! How can guys like us worry about a tiny thing like the sun? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this shows how Max’s problems seem so much bigger than the sun at the moment but there is still the worry nibbling at him.When Max found out that the sun was going to die, I felt angry at his teacher for not explaining that it will take millions of years and for scaring Max. I didnâ€⠄¢t like the look of worry on Max’s face, when we see that this boy has so much more to come to terms with in himself, and is now burdened by something he needn’t worry about as it is still millions of years away. He learns that he can continue living even though Judith tells him ‘Happiness isn't always the best way to be happy. ’ He discovers there is more to being happy than he had thought before